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		<title>State Research Center OPTIMAS TU Kaiserslautern</title>
		<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/</link>
		<description>OPTIMAS is dedicated to combine optics and material sciences under the research themes of light, spin and matter. It is one of two Research Centers at the Technische Universität (TU, University) Kaiserslautern being set-up as part of the Research Initiative of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate.</description>
		<language>en</language>
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			<title>State Research Center OPTIMAS TU Kaiserslautern</title>
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			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/</link>
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			<description>OPTIMAS is dedicated to combine optics and material sciences under the research themes of light, spin and matter. It is one of two Research Centers at the Technische Universität (TU, University) Kaiserslautern being set-up as part of the Research Initiative of the State of Rhineland-Palatinate.</description>
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			<title>Trappatoni - Beispiel-News</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/trappatoni-beispie/</link>
			<description>Es gibt im Moment in diese Mannschaft, oh, einige Spieler vergessen ihnen Profi was sie sind.</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Es gibt im Moment in diese Mannschaft, oh, einige Spieler vergessen ihnen Profi was sie sind.<br /><br />Ich lese nicht sehr viele Zeitungen, aber ich habe gehört viele Situationen. Erstens: wir haben nicht offensiv gespielt.<br /><br />Es gibt keine deutsche Mannschaft spielt offensiv und die Name offensiv wie Bayern.<br /><br />Letzte Spiel hatten wir in Platz drei Spitzen: Elber, Jancka und dann Zickler. Wir müssen nicht vergessen Zickler.<br /><br />Zickler ist eine Spitzen mehr, Mehmet eh mehr Basler. Ist klar diese Wörter, ist möglich verstehen, was ich hab gesagt? Danke. Offensiv, offensiv ist wie machen wir in Platz. Zweitens: ich habe erklärt mit diese]]></content:encoded>
			<category>AGS</category>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>courses of study</category>
			
			<author>virbom@rhrk.uni-kl.de</author>
			<pubDate>Tue, 14 May 2013 09:13:00 +0200</pubDate>
			
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			<title>A new way for magnetic control of heat flow</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/ein-neuer-weg-waerme/</link>
			<description>When energy is applied to matter, it heats up and the local temperature rises. Usually, energy...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[When energy is applied to matter, it heats up and the local temperature rises. Usually, energy moves away from this heated region: the heat flows from the warmer to the colder region. In general, it is not possible to change the direction of the heat flow.&nbsp;
Researchers of the groups of Professor Burkard Hillebrands at the University of Kaiserslautern, Professor Sadamichi Maekawa at Advanced Science Research Center of Japan Atomic Energy Agency and Professor Eiji Saitoh at the Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, present a new approach to manipulate the heat flow in micro devices. They use spin waves that propagate in a magnetic material similar to sound waves in air. These magnetic waves can propagate over millimeter distances controlled by an applied magnetic field.&nbsp; 
By applying microwave energy to a magnetic sample made of the magnetic material yttrium iron garnet (YIG), the researchers observed that an area remote of the microwave exposed region is heated in a controlled manner. In their experiments the temperature is monitored by an infra-red camera sensitive to heat radiation, see Figure (a). This is caused by the specific behavior of a particular type of spin waves excited by the microwaves. These spin waves propagate only in one direction on the surface of the magnetic sample. The propagation direction depends on the direction of the external magnetic field. Since the spin waves decay as they travel, their energy is transformed into heat. This temperature rise is captured by the infra-red camera, see thermographic picture (b). By changing the direction of the external field, the researchers change the propagation direction of the waves and, thus, the direction of heat conduction, as impressively demonstrated in the experiments. 
These results open directly the door to heat technology based on spin waves and the utilization in green energy technologies. A direct application is the controlled flow of waste heat in an electronic device. The findings not only have exciting implications for future magnetically controlled remote heating and heat-flow controllers, but also offer fascinating new insights into the interplay between spin and heat. 
The work has recently been published in the prestigious scientific journal “Nature Materials”: <b>Unidirectional spin-wave heat conveyer </b>by T. An, V. I. Vasyuchka, K. Uchida, A. V. Chumak, K. Yamaguchi, K. Harii, J. Ohe, M. B. Jungfleisch, Y. Kajiwara, H. Adachi, B. Hillebrands, S. Maekawa, and E. Saitoh <link http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat3628.html - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">(Nature Materials, 2013, Online Veröffentlichung: 21. April 2013, 10.1038/NMAT3628)</link>
For further information please contact Prof. Dr. Burkard Hillebrands (University of Kaiserslautern, Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS): <link hilleb@physik.uni-kl.de>hilleb@physik.uni-kl.de</link>, phone +49 (0)631 205-4228 /-2202]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Mon, 22 Apr 2013 10:22:00 +0200</pubDate>
			
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			<title>OPTIMAS at Hannover Messe 2013</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/optimas-auf-der-hann/</link>
			<description>At this year's Hanover Fair (April 8 to 12) one of the main topics once more was research &amp;...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[At this year's Hanover Fair (April 8 to 12) one of the main topics once more was research &amp; development. Thus, the universities and institutes of the Science Alliance Kaiserslautern, showing a total of eight exhibits, were again excellently represented at this global fair. Two of these exhibits are centrally connected to the State Research Center Optics and Material Sciences (OPTIMAS):
<b>Spintronics</b> <b>Technology Platform</b> <b>STeP</b> (at Rhineland-Palatinate booth)<br />STeP is devoted to research and development of magnetic multilayer systems, suitable, for example, for the application in sensors and memory units. As a state initiative, STeP in particular provides regional companies with the new materials and processes.
<b>Greater Region Magnetism Network</b> <b>-</b> <b>linking science</b> <b>and industry</b> (at Saarland booth)<br />Magnetism dominates our everyday lives, for example, sensors in traffic, computer hard drives, health technology and security systems. The universities of Lorraine, Kaiserslautern and Saarbrücken investigate magnetic applications within the <link http://www.greater-magnetism.eu/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Greater Region Magnetism Network (GRMN)</link>.
The Spintronics Technology Platform STeP  was presented by the research group magnetism&nbsp;of the University of Kaiserslautern along with the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz. STeP is devoted to research and development of magnetic multilayer systems, applicable, for example, in sensors and memory units to be made available to companies. The Rhineland-Palatinate Minister of Economic Affairs Eveline Lemke and Assistant State Secretary Inga Schäfer of the Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of Education, Science, Further Education and Culture visited the booth and gained information about the project. Industrial partner of this platform is <link http://sensitec.com.p-ad.de/english/sensitec/index.html - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Sensitec GmbH</link> (Mainz); further networking between science and industry is realized by the Innovation Platform Magnetic Microsystems <link http://innomag.org/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">INNOMAG</link>.
In the center of the GRMN presentation was the VibroMag cable that allows fully automatic monitoring of fence systems of any size by magnetic sensors. &quot;The process is relatively inexpensive, has a low false alarm rate and allows the precise localization of any intrusion,&quot; explains the physicist Professor Hartmann of the Saarland University, coordinator of the GRMN network. Several promising contacts within Germany and other European countries to further develop this product could be made in Hanover. A future sensor system for application in vehicles, developed by the GRMN partner from Nancy, was also presented at the fair. In this application, magnetic sensors measure rotations and angles of car tires.]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Mon, 15 Apr 2013 15:02:00 +0200</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Science &amp; Technology in an unusual framework: more than 200,000 clicks for YouTube clip from Nanoscribe</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/wissenschaft-und-for/</link>
			<description>Communicating new results from research and development is typically a direct matter among experts...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Communicating new results from research and development is typically a direct matter among experts and is manageable in its &quot;frequency&quot;. Particular attention is excited, for example, if a journal article is cited more than 1,000 times by other researchers. More than 200,000 clicks of a <link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wThtfAtB5U8 - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">YouTube clip</link> in almost 2 months, thus, is a very impressive result for science communication. The company <link http://www.nanoscribe.de/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Nanoscribe</link> has achieved this resonance with their new 3D printer of micro- and nanostructures based on a novel laser lithography method<strong></strong>. &quot;We are absolutely overwhelmed by the response. With our presentation at Photonics West, the leading international trade fair for photonics, in early February in San Francisco we had already experienced a lot of encouragement, but over 200,000 viewers of our clip are an incredible amount for a scientist,&quot; marvels Professor Georg von Freymann (Department of Physics and OPTIMAS at the University of Kaiserslautern), co-founder and Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of Nanoscribe.
In early 2008, Nanoscribe GmbH was founded as the first spin-off of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). Within a period of five years, it has established itself as the world’s market and technology leader in the area of 3D laser lithography. The devices produced by Nanoscribe are applied by leading research institutes and universities in Asia, North America, and Europe. Research into this technology has given rise to more than 60 scientific publications in high-ranking science journals and expert media.]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Tue, 02 Apr 2013 08:00:00 +0200</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Dual Career Opportunities at OPTIMAS</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/dual-career-wi/</link>
			<description>&quot;Dual Career&quot; is an important aspect within OPTIMAS to attract new employees 
Decorated...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<b>&quot;Dual Career&quot;</b><b> is an important aspect within OPTIMAS to attract new employees</b><br /> 
Decorated with PhD degrees of the prestigious Chinese Academy of Sciences, postdocs Jingyi Mao (before Institute of Physics, Beijing) and Xuefeng Zhang (before Institute of Theoretical Physics, Beijing) recently decided for TU Kaiserslautern’s Physics Department for further pursuing their scientific careers. Xuefeng Zhang is now a postdoctoral scientist in the group of Professor Sebastian Eggert, working on the theory of correlated ultracold atoms. Being awarded with a personal grant of the Carl-Zeiss-Foundation, Jingyi Mao now pursues new methods for ultrafast magnetization dynamics of complex magnetic materials in the research group of Professor Martin Aeschlimann. 
“After having stayed before with my group as a PhD student for an intermediate research stay, I was very glad that Xuefeng Zhang decided to return to my research group as a postdoc.”, says Professor Sebastian Eggert. “His decision was strongly supported by the offer of my colleague, Martin Aeschlimann, to Xuefeng Zhang’s wife, Jingyi Mao, to later join his research group in experimental physics. Both are excellent young scientists, so that all parties greatly benefit from this effort to find a dual career-solution for the two of them.”, Professor Eggert adds. 
As their current advisors are both leading experts in their fields, Sebastian Eggert in the theory of many body systems, Martin Aeschlimann in ultrafast surface physics, Xuefeng Zhang and Jingyi Mao gladly accepted their job offers. However, their move from Beijing to the much quieter city of Kaiserslautern meant a huge change in life style to which they have well adapted. In their eyes there are only two backdraws in their decision, missing family and friends and, despite TU Kaiserslautern’s very good Mensa, missing the variety and quality of Chinese cuisine. 
Both of them have already been very successful in their research work in the framework of the OPTIMAS Research Center. Thus, Xuefeng Zhang managed recently to publish his study in the prestigious scientific journal Physical Review Letters: <link http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v110/i9/e090402 - - "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Xue-Feng Zhang, Qing Sun, Yu-Chuan Wen, Wu-Ming Liu, Sebastian Eggert, and An-Chun Ji, Rydberg Polaritons in a Cavity: A Superradiant Solid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 090402 (2013)</link>. 
This collaborative effort of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Capital Normal University and TU Kaiserslautern, yielded the first description of a “superradiant solid” as a novel phase in cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) by using both analytic method and quantum Monte Carlo simulation. In this phase, photons couple to Rydberg atoms which results in a phase-coherent quantum “superradiant” state similar to a Bose-Einstein condensate.&nbsp; The surprising feature is that the excitations simultaneously arrange in a periodical structure analogous to a solid.&nbsp; Such a “superradiant solid” phase is quite unexpected, equally exotic as a Helium superfluid which would simultaneously be a solid.]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Mon, 18 Mar 2013 11:34:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Intensive Week – “Observing and understanding coherent phenomena in multilevel atoms”</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/intensive-week/</link>
			<description>April 8 - 12, 2013, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, AG Widera labs and seminar room</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Topics of this technical training workshop will include 
<ul><li>Electromagnetically induced transparency in theory and experiment, and especially the question if EIT is a quantum effect or not</li><li>Four wave mixing in theory and experiment - we will create blue light from infrared lasers via atom-light interaction</li><li>Advanced laser spectroscopy methods</li><li>Theoretical background of slow light, Raman processes and STIRAP</li></ul>
For further information on technical trainings please visit 
http://www.mainz.uni-mainz.de/1512.php
Registration for MAINZ PhD students until <strong>Feb 28, 2013 </strong><strong>at:</strong> 
http://www.physik.uni-kl.de/widera/iweek-2013/]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Events</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Mon, 25 Feb 2013 09:36:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Researchers at the University of Kaiserslautern and at the University of Arizona uncover the secret of spin-filtering in hybrid materials</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/optimas-forscher-bli/</link>
			<description>The drive towards more powerful, faster and smaller computer power and telecommunication devices...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[The drive towards more powerful, faster and smaller computer power and telecommunication devices has occupied scientists for years, with considerable advances even in the last years. The rapid turn-on time of modern computers e.g. is made possible due to the recent development of magnetic memory or MRAM. Traditional solutions to access data quickly are based on manipulating charges, only possible while a computer is on. In contrast, MRAMs use magnetic storage elements instead, resulting in a form of high-speed non-volatile memory. The science of how to achieve this is known as &quot;spintronics&quot;. By measuring the size of currents in the presence of a magnetic field, memory elements can be written as &quot;0&quot; or &quot;1&quot;. All currently commercially available MRAMs are based on inorganic materials, and make use of an effect called &quot;Giant Magnetoresistance&quot; or GMR, for which Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2008. Efforts are now underway to make spintronics devices cheaper and more flexible by introducing a new class of materials, the so-called organic semiconductors. These materials are already employed in mobile phones and television screens, where they are used in light-emitting diodes to form the basis of bright and power-saving AMOLED screens.&nbsp;
The advantages of organic semiconductors are overwhelming: They can be manufactured cheaply since they largely consist of carbon, which unlike inorganic semiconductors can be processed at relatively low temperatures. Moreover, the tailoring of organic semiconductors by the tools of chemical synthesis is easily possible, and researchers are able to create light-weight and flexible thin film structures that can be integrated into a variety of different devices. Indeed, first implementations of organic semiconductor-based spintronics elements have already been demonstrated. The critical question of how magnetic information is transferred between magnetic electrode and the organic material poses however still a significant puzzle. 
Researchers in the group of Martin Aeschlimann of the University of Kaiserslautern (Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS), in collaboration with Oliver Monti from The University of Arizona, have now made a significant step towards resolving this question. Using ultrafast time-resolved measurements probing the interface between an organic semiconductor and a magnetic metal, they were able to show how electrons magnetized in one particular direction remain trapped in the molecules for substantially longer times than those with opposite direction. Their results provide a direct demonstration of an interfacial barrier that depends on the magnetization of the current, giving rise to a so-called spin-filter effect. Such spin-filtering provides thus the critical element determining the efficiency of spintronic devices, opening an avenue for rational design of highly efficient devices and the dawn of organic spintronics. 
The results of these remarkable studies have recently been published in the prestigious scientific journal Nature Physics:
<i>Spin-dependent trapping of electrons at spinterfaces</i>, Sabine Steil, Nicolas Großmann, Martin Laux, Andreas Ruffing, Daniel Steil, Martin Wiesenmayer, Stefan Mathias, Oliver L. A. Monti, Mirko Cinchetti &amp; Martin Aeschlimann
Published online: 17 February 2013 | <link http://www.nature.com/nphys/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nphys2548.html - - "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">doi:10.1038/nphys2548</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Tue, 19 Feb 2013 09:12:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>OPTIMAS involved in Physics Conference in New Zealand</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/optimas-an-physiker/</link>
			<description>Following four successful meetings in Europe, FINESS-2013 (Finite-Temperature Non-Equilibrium...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US"></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US"></span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US">Following four successful meetings in Europe, <link http://www.physics.otago.ac.nz/finess/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">FINESS-2013</link> </span><span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US">(<b>Fi</b>nite-Temperature <b>N</b>on-<b>E</b>quilibrium <b>S</b>uperfluid <b>S</b>ystems, 16-20 February 2013) brings together international physicists in Queenstown, New Zealand. <br /></span>
<span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US">The aim of this conference is to discuss the nonequilibrium dynamics and thermodynamics of superfluids and strongly interacting gases at finite temperature and out of thermal equilibrium. In recent years, finite temperature and out of equilibrium dynamics have become accessible in ultracold quantum gases through new preparation and detection methods. A special objective of the conference is the comparison of and exchange about theoretical and experimental methods for studying the physical phenomena. The topics of the conference offer new exciting insights into the dynamics of many-body quantum systems, and promise new connections to systems in solid-state and high-energy physics. <br /></span>
<span style="font-family:&quot;Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;" lang="EN-US">As non-equilibrium phenomena are a central topic of OPTIMAS research, five scientists are taking part in the conference despite the long journey. Michael Fleischhauer, designated speaker of a new OPTIMAS research program that is currently in preparation, will give a lecture on “Many-body dynamics in open systems: Rydberg gases and Rydberg polaritons.” The conference will also be attended by Bill Phillips, Nobel Prize winner in 1997. </span>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Mon, 11 Feb 2013 07:00:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Mainz and Kaiserslautern to supply state-of-the-art technologies to businesses</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/mainz-und-kaiserslau/</link>
			<description>Two new joint large-scale research projects in materials science and spintronics at the...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<b>Two new joint large-scale research projects in materials science and spintronics at the universities of Mainz and Kaiserslautern with application potential</b> 
Two large-scale research projects in materials science and spintronics have been initiated at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) and the University of Kaiserslautern. Both projects have a financial volume of more than EUR 3.8 million and are receiving support through the &quot;Wachstum durch Innovation&quot; (Growth through Innovation) program to the tune of some EUR 2.37 million from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the state agencies for science and commerce. Their objective is to promote the rapid transition from university research to industrial application. It often takes years for theoretical ideas and products developed at universities to find their way into commercial production. 
The two new projects, STeP and TT-DINEMA, are designed to help speed up the process of conversion to marketable procedures and products. &quot;The two projects will not only enable us to ensure that our universities remain at the cutting edge in the fields of materials science and spintronics in future, but will also make a very important contribution to helping companies in Rhineland-Palatinate gain quick and easy access to innovation-relevant expertise in these high-tech areas,&quot; claimed Minister of Science Doris Ahnen. 
&quot;The STeP project represents an important element in the development of a process of efficient preliminary research within the innovation network Magnetic Microsystems InnoMag e.V.,&quot; Minister of Economic Affairs Eveline Lemke went on to emphasize. The aim of the Mainz-based network is to develop innovative magnetic microsystems for new applications with significant commercial potential in areas such the automotive industry, automation, bioanalytics, and security technology. In the automation sector, for example, such products are invaluable because of their high resolution, reliability, and robustness when used in equipment such as assembly and machine tools and industrial robots. 
The purpose of the <b>S</b>pintronic <b>Te</b>chnology <b>P</b>latform in Rhineland-Palatinate (STeP) is to promote the sustained build-up of technical competencies and to support regional companies working in the spintronics sector. The platform has been specifically designed to bolster research into and the development of magnetic coating systems, which are particularly suitable for use in products such as sensors and memory storage units. At the core of the research being undertaken by STeP are so-called Heusler materials. The objective is to develop &quot;building block systems&quot; using innovative coating systems, which can then be flexibly adapted to meet the wide range of different functional and technological challenges. In a new approach, the results of academic research are being immediately transferred onto an industrial production line that meets DIN standards. This is an important requirement if experimental data is to be subsequently directly transformed into conventional production processes in the semi-conductor industry. The researchers have been able to win over as a partner the company Sensitec GmbH (Mainz), which has recently gained attention as a supplier of state-of-the-art sensors for the Mars Rover <i>Curiosity</i>. 
The aim of the TT-DINEMA (&quot;<b>T</b>echnologie<b>t</b>ransfer-<b>Di</b>enstleistungszentrum für <b>Ne</b>ue <b>Ma</b>terialien&quot; or Technology Transfer Service Center for New Materials) project is to establish an internationally competitive and independent service center that can provide original new material concepts. It represents the starting point for innovative development projects in various fields of applications, ranging from solar technology through medical technology to thermoelectrics, and is likely to be of particular benefit to small and medium-sized companies. Again, Heusler compounds are at the focus of attention concerning the applied materials. These relatively simple chemical compounds represent an ideal combination in that they have a large diversity of different physical characteristics but can be relatively easily manufactured. This makes them suitable for use in various products, such as solar cells, semi-conductors, and thermoelectric systems for power generation from waste heat. In addition to their broad application potential, these materials are also interesting from the commercial point of view because of their low cost, sustainability, environmental friendliness, and ease of processing. 
The current primary intention of the TT-DINEMA project is to acquire two highly complex, state-of-the-art pieces of equipment: an industrial coating machine called sputtering deposition plant and a system for the production of starting materials. The complicated infrastructure and process technology needed for the provision of services in the research and development sector will be provided by the universities of Mainz and Kaiserslautern. 
The Graduate School of Excellence &quot;Materials Science IN MainZ&quot; (MAINZ) and the state research center OPTIMAS are also involved in both projects.&nbsp; <br /><b><br /></b>
<b>Contact:</b>
Dr. Frederick Casper<br />Professor Dr. Claudia Felser<br />moment group<br />Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry<br />Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz<br />phone +49 6131 39-24403<br />e-mail: <link casperf@uni-mainz.de - mail "Öffnet ein Fenster zum Versenden der E-Mail">casperf@uni-mainz.de</link>
<link http://www.superconductivity.de/>http://www.superconductivity.de/</link>
<br />Professor Dr. Mathias Kläui<br />Professor Dr. Gerhard Jakob<br />Physics of Condensed Matter group (KOMET)<br />Institute of Physics<br />Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz<br />phone +49 6131 39-24345<br />fax +49 6131 39-24076<br />e-mail: <link klaeui@uni-mainz.de - mail "Öffnet ein Fenster zum Versenden der E-Mail">klaeui@uni-mainz.de</link> 
<link http://www.klaeui-lab.physik.uni-mainz.de/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">http://www.klaeui-lab.physik.uni-mainz.de</link>
<br />Dr. Britta Leven<br />Magnetism group<br />Faculty of Physics<br />University of Kaiserslautern<br />phone +49 631 205-4037<br />fax +49 631 205-4095<br />e-mail: <link leven@physik.uni-kl.de - mail>leven@physik.uni-kl.de</link>
<link http://www.physik.uni-kl.de/hillebrands/home/>http://www.physik.uni-kl.de/hillebrands/home/</link>
<br />Professor Dr. Burkard Hillebrands<br />Magnetism group<br />Faculty of Physics<br />University of Kaiserslautern<br />phone +49 631 205-4037<br />fax +49 631 205-4095<br />e-mail: <link hilleb@physik.uni-kl.de - mail "Öffnet ein Fenster zum Versenden der E-Mail">hilleb@physik.uni-kl.de</link>
<link http://www.physik.uni-kl.de/hillebrands/home/>http://www.physik.uni-kl.de/hillebrands/home/</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
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			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Wed, 06 Feb 2013 08:54:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Quantum Many-Body Dynamics in Open Systems </title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/quanten-vielteilchen/</link>
			<description>OPTIMAS scientists organize the 534. Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar (02.-05.04.2013,...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<b>OPTIMAS scientists organize the 534. Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Seminar (02.-05.04.2013, Physikzentrum Bad Honnef).</b>
The understanding and control of quantum many-body systems far from equilibrium is an important research field in many areas of physics. Ultra-cold quantum gases, trapped ions as well as optical micro-resonators are ideal model systems to study these questions. 
The international workshop on “Quantum Many-Body Dynamics in Open Systems” will concentrate, in particular, on non-equilibrium dynamics of many-body systems which are coupled to external reservoirs or driven by external forces. Topics of the workshop will include
<ul><li>Non-equilibrium dynamics in closed and open quantum many-body systems</li><li>Relaxation and thermalization in many-body systems</li><li>Dynamics in engineered environments and reservoir induced phenomena</li></ul>
<b>Invited speakers:</b> <br />Rainer Blatt (Univ. Innsbruck)<br /> Immanuel Bloch (LMU München)<br /> Heinz-Peter Breuer (Univ. Freiburg)<br /> Andrew Daley (Univ. Pittsburgh)<br /> Sebastian Diehl (Univ. Innsbruck)<br /> Tilman Esslinger (ETH Zürich)<br /> Corinna Kollath (Univ. Geneva)<br /> Eric Lutz (FU Berlin)<br /> Giovanna Morigi (Univ. Saarland)<br /> Hans-Christoph Nägerl (Univ. Innsbruck)<br /> Markus Oberthaler (Univ. Heidelberg)<br /> Herwig Ott (TU Kaiserslautern)<br /> Marcos Rigol (Penn State Univ.)<br /> Achim Rosch (Univ. Köln)<br /> Jörg Schmiedmayer (TU Wien)<br /> Vladan Vuletic (MIT)<br /> Sandro Wimberger (Univ. Heidelberg)<b></b>
<b>Information and application:</b> <link http://nonequilibrium.physik.uni-kl.de><br />http://nonequilibrium.physik.uni-kl.de</link>
application deadline: February 8th 2013<b></b>
<b>Organizers:</b><br />M. Fleischhauer, J. Sirker and A. Widera, TU Kaiserslautern<br />email: <link nonequilibrium@physik.uni-kl.de - mail "Öffnet ein Fenster zum Versenden der E-Mail">nonequilibrium@physik.uni-kl.de</link>
<link fileadmin/optma/News2013/Nonequilibrium_534_Heraeus_Seminar_OPTIMAS.pdf - - "Leitet Herunterladen der Datei ein">Announcement Poster (pdf)</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>standard</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jan 2013 12:35:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Grundlagen der Terahertz-Spektroskopie</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/grundlagen-der-terah/</link>
			<description>12.02.2013 und 14.02.2013, Abteilung TMS des Fraunhofer IPM, Außenstelle Kaiserslautern</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Dieser Kurs vermittelt die Grundlagen der Spektroskopie im Terahertz-Spektralbereich. Insbesondere werden die Möglichkeiten der sogenannten Zeitbereichsspektroskopie (engl. Time domain spectroscopy TDS) theoretisch und experimentell vorgestellt. Damit lassen sich Informationen über den komplexen Brechungsindex und damit über Absorption und Dispersion unterschiedlicher Materialien ermitteln.
Als experimentelle Methoden werden Terahertz-Messsysteme eingesetzt, die auf moderner Ultrakurzpulslaser-Technologie beruhen. Messungen in Reflexion und Transmission an unterschiedlichen Proben sowie die Analyse der Messdaten werden exemplarisch durchgeführt. Es besteht auch die Möglichkeit, eigene Proben zur Untersuchung mitzubringen.
<b>Termin:</b><br />12.02.2013 und 14.02.2013
<b>Tag 1:</b> 9:00 Uhr - 12:00 Uhr<br />Theoretische Grundlagen, Einweisung in unterschiedliche THz-Messsysteme, Messungen an gasförmigen, flüssigen und festen Proben.
<b>Tag 2:</b> 9:00 Uhr - 12:00 Uhr<br />Demonstration unterschiedlicher Messverfahren zur Bestimmung von komplexem Brechungsindex fester Proben, Nachweis von Gefahrstoffen mit THz, Möglichkeit der Messung eigener Proben.
<b>Veranstaltungsort:<br /></b>Der Kurs wird durchgeführt in der Abteilung TMS des Fraunhofer IPM, Außenstelle Kaiserslautern: Gebäude 56, Raum 364.
Anmeldungen möglichst bis 25.01.2013 über: 
Julia Hettesheimer <br />Institut für Oberflächen- und Schichtanalyse GmbH, Kaiserslautern <br />(Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis) IFOS <br /><link hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de>hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de</link>, Fax: 0631-20573-3003
Die Teilnahme ist kostenlos. ]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Events</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Tue, 08 Jan 2013 10:44:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Kaiserslautern on TOP 10 List of Physical Breakthroughs 2012</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/kaiserslautern-auf-t/</link>
			<description>Recently, Physics World, the membership magazine of the Insitute of Physics (IOP), one of the...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Recently, Physics World, the membership magazine of the Insitute of Physics (IOP), one of the largest physical societies in the world, selected the <link http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/dec/14/physics-world-reveals-its-top-10-breakthroughs-for-2012 - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">10 top scientific breakthroughs 2012 in Physics</link>. The breakthroughs have been chosen by the Physics World team according to fundamental importance of research, significant advance in knowledge, strong connection between theory and experiment and general interest to all physicists <br /> <br /> Next to the top choice, the discovery of a Higgs-like Boson at CERN, a joint effort by resaerchers from Lyon, Augsburg und Kaiserslautern about the energy costs of wiping data was considered on this list:
<link http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v483/n7388/full/nature10872.html - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Experimental verification of Landauer’s principle linking information and thermodynamics</link><br />Antoine Bérut, Artak Arakelyan, Artyom Petrosyan, Sergio Ciliberto, Raoul Dillenschneider &amp; Eric Lutz<br /> Nature 483, 187-189 (2012) <br /> <br /> See also<br /> <link http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/physiker-decken-die/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Validation of Landauer's principle</link>&nbsp; &nbsp;
]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>standard</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Tue, 18 Dec 2012 09:48:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Grundlagen der Photolithographie und Trockenätzverfahren</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/testveranstaltung-f/</link>
			<description>06.02.2013 und 13.02.2013, Nano Structuring Center an der TU Kaiserslautern</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Dieser Kurs vermittelt am Beispiel eines „Lift-off“-Prozesses und anschließender<br />Trockenätzung die Prinzipien der Herstellung und anschließende Charakterisierung<br />von Silizium-Bauelementen für elektronische und mikromechanische (MEMS) Anwendungen. Eigene Proben werden hergestellt, strukturiert und charakterisiert.
<b>Teilnehmerzahl<br /></b>Mindestens 4, maximal 8
<b>Termine<br /></b>06.02.2013 und 13.02.2013, jeweils vormittags
<b>Inhalte</b>
<b>Tag 1: 06.02.2013</b>
9:00 – 10:00 Uhr: <b>Vortrag: Grundlagen der Photolithographie<br /></b>Optische Lithographie (Photolithographie) ist die erste und früheste Mikrofabrikations-Technologie die von der Halbleiter-Industrie seit den 60er Jahren eingesetzt wird. Der Vortrag stellt die Grundlagen dieser Technologie dar.
10:00 – 12:30 Uhr: <b>Arbeiten im Reinraum<br /></b>Mittels Photolithographie wird im so genannten „Lift-off“-Verfahren auf Silizium eine metallische, mikrostrukturierte Hartmaske für das spätere Trockenätzen hergestellt.
<b>Tag 2: 13.02.2013</b>
9:00 – 10:00 Uhr: <b>Vortrag: Trockenätzverfahren – Grundlagen<br /></b>Plasmaunterstützte Prozesse haben in vielen Technologieabläufen eine hohe Bedeutung. Plasmaprozesse werden zur Reinigung und Beschichtung von Oberflächen und zur Oberflächenstrukturierung angewendet. Im Vortrag werden<br />die Grundlagen des Plasmaätzens erläutert.
10:00 – 12:30 Uhr: <b>Trockenätzen und Strukturanalyse<br /></b>Die im ersten Teil des Praktikums hergestellte Struktur wird durch Plasmaätzen in das Silizium-Substrat übertragen. Oberflächenprofilometrie wird zur Analyse der Ätztiefe und Mikroskopie zur Analyse der Strukturen eingesetzt.
<link fileadmin/optma/Kursprogramm2012/Grundlagen_Photolithographie_Trockenaetzverfahren.pdf - download "Leitet Herunterladen der Datei ein"><br />Kursbeschreibung (pdf)</link>
<link fileadmin/optma/Kursprogramm2012/Poster_UV-photolithography_dryetching.pdf - download "Leitet Herunterladen der Datei ein">Flyer (pdf)</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Events</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2012 14:31:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Quantum system doped with individual atoms</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/quantensystem-mit-ei/</link>
			<description>Impurities in physical systems are more than just an unavoidable nuisance, often they are the...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Impurities in physical systems are more than just an unavoidable nuisance, often they are the source of important physical effects, such as conduction, for instance. A dream of physicists is the perfect control over individual impurities in quantum systems in order to exploit known effects, to investigate new effects, or to engineer materials with desired properties.
The group of OPTIMAS member Artur Widera together with scientists from the University of Bonn has made a big step in that direction. By tight control of laser beams they could immerse single cesium atoms as controlled impurities into a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of rubidium atoms and, thus, study the dynamics of these impurities in this quantum bath. The work opens up new possibilities for studying and controlling model systems for systems of solid state physics at the level of individual atoms. At the same time, the new system allows studying thermalization in quantum systems at smallest length scales. The results were recently published in the journal Physical Review Letters:
„Dynamics of Single Neutral Impurity Atoms immersed in an Ultracold Gas“<br /> Nicolas Spethmann, Farina Kindermann, Shincy John, Claudia Weber, Dieter Meschede, and Artur Widera. <link http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v109/i23/e235301 - - "Opens external link in new window">Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 235301</link> (2012)]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
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			<category>standard</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Thu, 13 Dec 2012 16:26:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Nobel price for quantum engineers </title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/nobelpreis-fuer-quan/</link>
			<description>On December 10th Sweden’s King Carl Gustaf awarded the 2012 Nobel price in physics to David...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[On December 10th Sweden’s King Carl Gustaf awarded the <link http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/ - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">2012 Nobel price in physics</link> to David Wineland and Serge Haroche. With this year's price two pioneers of quantum engineering are honored whose experimental achievements have brought us closer to an understanding of the fundamentals of quantum physics and at the same paved the way for a controlled manipulation of individual quantum systems such as ions or photons. <br /><br />David Wineland, from the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, studied physics at Berkeley, made his PhD with Norman Ramsey at Harvard and was a post-doc with Hans Dehmelt where he worked on the trapping and control of individual electrons in a Penning trap. Since then he developed the techniques of trapping and state preparation of ions into an art which allows control of individual quantum systems with unprecedented precision. This has lead to important applications in metrology, in particular frequency standards. It is also not surprising that the first proposals for a quantum computer were formulated for ion trap systems. Since then quantum information processing with ions has made tremendous progress thanks to the pioneering work of David Wineland.<br /><br />Serge Haroche studied physics at the Ecole Normale in Paris and made his PhD with Claude Cohen-Tannoudji on the interaction of light with atoms. The quantum nature of elecromagnetic radiation was since early on a central theme of his research. He pioneered the field of cavity QED which allowed to realize a strong radiative coupling between an individual atom and a single mode of the radiation field. This lead to a number of fascinating experiments. An example is the observation of the periodic energy exchange between atom and field initially prepared in the vacuum state, which provided a direct proof of the granular structure of photons. Other experiments include the preparation and detection of Schroedinger cat states, or the nondestructive measurement of the photon number in a resonator.
State manipulation of individual quantum systems is also a central theme of research in OPTIMAS, where, e.g., individual atoms embedded in a BEC or the coherent manipulation of individual spins in systems of varying size are studied.]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			<category>research</category>
			<category>standard</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2012 15:16:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Atom Probe Tomography</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/atom-probe-tomograph/</link>
			<description>20 and 27 November 2012 (in the mornings), IFOS at TU Kaiserslautern</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<b>Course description<br /></b>Atom probe tomography (APT) produces 3-D compositional images at the atomic<br />scale with very high analytical sensitivity (10 atomic parts per million). It does so by controllably extracting atom (ions) from a specimen with a very high electric field applied to the surface. The extracted ions are projected onto a position-sensitive detector for recording their location. Time-of-flight measurements on the ions provide their isotopic identity as a mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. Because the fundamental data format is the 3-D position (with a spatial resolution of 0.2 nm) and identity of atoms (isotopes, actually) in a volume containing potentially hundreds of millions of atoms, many types of analytical information may be gleaned.
The course will be held in German or English depending on the attendees' wishes.
Please register to:
Julia Hettesheimer<br />IFOS GmbH<br />Trippstadter Straße 120<br />67663 Kaiserslautern<br />Tel.: 0631 20573 3001<br />Fax: 0631 20573 3003<br />E-Mail: <link hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de>hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de</link>
<link fileadmin/optma/Kursprogramm2012/OPTIMAS-Kursprogramm_3DAPT.pdf - download "Leitet Herunterladen der Datei ein">Course description</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Events</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Wed, 12 Dec 2012 12:26:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Atom Probe Tomography</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/atom-probe-tomograph-1/</link>
			<description>22. und 29. Mai 2012 (jeweils nachmittags), IFOS an der TU Kaiserslautern</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<b>Kursbeschreibung<br /></b>Atom probe tomography (APT) produces 3-D compositional images at the atomic<br />scale with very high analytical sensitivity (10 atomic parts per million). It does so by controllably extracting atom (ions) from a specimen with a very high electric field applied to the surface. The extracted ions are projected onto a position-sensitive detector for recording their location. Time-of-flight measurements on the ions provide their isotopic identity as a mass-to-charge ratio of the ion. Because the fundamental data format is the 3-D position (with a spatial resolution of 0.2 nm) and identity of atoms (isotopes, actually) in a volume containing potentially hundreds of millions of atoms, many types of analytical information may be gleaned.
Der Kurs wird je nach Teilnehmerwunsch in Deutsch oder Englisch abgehalten.
Anmeldungen über:
Christine Zimmer<br />IFOS GmbH<br />Trippstadter Straße 120<br />67663 Kaiserslautern<br />Tel.: 0631 20573 3001<br />Fax: 0631 20573 3003<br />E-Mail: <link zimmer@ifos.uni-kl.de - mail "Öffnet ein Fenster zum Versenden der E-Mail">zimmer@ifos.uni-kl.de</link>
<link fileadmin/optma/Kursprogramm2012/OPTIMAS-Kursprogramm_3DAPT.pdf - download "Leitet Herunterladen der Datei ein">Kursbeschreibung (pdf)</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			<category>Events</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Sat, 01 Dec 2012 12:52:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Elektronen-Spektroskopie und Elektronen-Mikroskopie an Oberflächen</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/elektronen-spektrosk-1/</link>
			<description>Dienstag, 27. und Donnerstag, 29. März 2012 sowie Dienstag, 03. und Donnerstag, 05. April 2012,...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Im Rahmen des OPTIMAS Kursprogramms &quot;Methoden und Verfahren&quot; findet am 
Dienstag, den 27. und Donnerstag, den 29. März 2012 sowie am
Dienstag, den 03. und Donnerstag, den 05. April 2012
jeweils von 14:00 bis 18:00 Uhr
der Kurs &quot;Elektronen-Spektroskopie und Elektronen-Mikroskopie an Oberflächen&quot;
im IFOS (Trippstadter Str. 120) statt.
<br />Anmeldung über: 
Julia Hettesheimer<br />Institut für Oberflächen- und Schichtanalyse GmbH, Kaiserslautern<br />(Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis) IFOS<link hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de><br />hettesheimer@ifos.uni-kl.de</link>, Tel.: 0631 20573 3001 (nachmittags). 
Die Teilnahme ist kostenlos.]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Events</category>
			<category>Optimas</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Fri, 30 Nov 2012 13:45:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>Die AG &quot;Design of CPS&quot; geht online! </title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/der-blindtext/</link>
			<description>Die AG &quot;Design of CPS&quot; geht online. Unsere Webpräsenz sollte unter cps.cs.uni-kl.de erreichbar...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[5 Monate nach Gründung der AG sind Server und Webpräsenz fertiggestellt. Die AG ist mit MacOS Servern, Linux Server und iMac Rechnern ausgestattet. ]]></content:encoded>
			<category>standard</category>
			<category>CPS</category>
			<category>courses of study</category>
			<category>university</category>
			<category>research</category>
			
			<author>virbom@rhrk.uni-kl.de</author>
			<pubDate>Thu, 22 Nov 2012 09:40:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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			<title>New terahertz wave modulator based on optically tuned graphene: photonics and material science are joining forces under the roof of OPTIMAS</title>
			<link>http://optimas.uni-kl.de/en/news/news/article/neuer-modulator-fuer/</link>
			<description>Terahertz (THz) research became a spotlight of scientific interest driven by a vast amount of new...</description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[Terahertz (THz) research became a spotlight of scientific interest driven by a vast amount of new applications in the realms of security technology, quality control in the pharmaceutics and plastics industry, astronomy, and sensing. Most of these applications benefit from the observation that a large number of materials are transparent for THz waves, which allows to detect objects behind dielectric obstacles such as plastics, textiles, paper, cardboard. However, the applications also demand high standards for the employed THz technology and necessitate the development of efficient THz sources and detectors, as well as high-performance optical components such as waveplates, lenses, and modulators. 
A material that has been drawn into the focus for such applications is graphene. Since its discovery in 2004, a whole range of experiments evidenced its exceptional physical properties, including optical applications. Specifically in the THz region and far-infrared range graphene seems to provide suitable properties that can be exploited for the design and implementation of one atomic layer thin transformation optical devices.
In a recent study, the research group of OPTIMAS researcher Marco Rahm, Department of Physics, and the Institut für Oberflächen- und Schichtanalytik GmbH (IFOS, Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis) showed that graphene on top of silicon (GOS) is highly suitable for efficient optically driven amplitude modulation of terahertz waves. In comparison with pure silicon, they observed strongly enhanced modulation in GOS over a wide frequency range from 0.2 THz up to 2 THz at identical power levels of the photodoping beam. This might pave the way to fast, broadband and ultrathin optically driven terahertz wave modulators. In a future perspective patterned optical modulation beams could be applied to obtain spatially dependent wave modulation, which is a desired feature for compressed sensing applications and a new generation of one atomic layer thick optical devices based on transformation optics.
The findings have been published in the prestigious journal &quot;Nano&quot; of the American Chemical Society:<br /><link http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn303392s - external-link-new-window "Öffnet externen Link in neuem Fenster">Peter Weis, Juan L. Garcia-Pomar, Michael Höh, Benjamin Reinhard, Alexander Brodyanski, and Marco Rahm &quot;Spectrally Wide-Band Terahertz Wave Modulator Based on Optically Tuned Graphene&quot; ACS Nano 6, 9118-9124 (2012)</link>]]></content:encoded>
			<category>Optimas</category>
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			<category>standard</category>
			
			
			<pubDate>Wed, 31 Oct 2012 10:01:00 +0100</pubDate>
			
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